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Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter formula sheet

Every formula in the Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter chapter for JEE Main, with one line on when it applies. Topic 1 is open to everyone; sign in free to read all 19 and download the PDF.

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How we count: 7× asked means 7 past JEE Main questions in the PrepWiser bank needed that formula, and "last" is the latest year one appeared. ★ marks formulas asked 8 or more times.

Photons

Photon energy
12× asked, last 2026
E=hν=hcλ,E(eV)≈1240λ(nm)E=h\nu=\frac{hc}\lambda,\qquad E(\text{eV})\approx\frac{1240}{\lambda(\text{nm})}
h=6.63×10−34h=6.63\times10^{-34} J s =4.14×10−15=4.14\times10^{-15} eV s; 1 eV =1.6×10−19=1.6\times10^{-19} J. Visible 1.8–3.1 eV.
Photon momentum and mass
4× asked, last 2025
p=hλ=Ec,E2=p2c2+m02c4p=\frac h\lambda=\frac Ec,\qquad E^2=p^2c^2+m_0^2c^4
Photon: m0=0m_0=0, E=pcE=pc, speed cc. Moving mass E/c2E/c^2.
Photon flux
10× asked, last 2026
n=Phν=Pλhc,nA=IAλhcn=\frac P{h\nu}=\frac{P\lambda}{hc},\qquad n_A=\frac{IA\lambda}{hc}
Photons per second; at fixed power n∝λn\propto\lambda. Point source: Pλ/4πr2hcP\lambda/4\pi r^2hc per m2^2.

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16 more formulas in 4 topics

Photoelectric effect, Photoelectric graphs, de Broglie waves and Matter waves: links. Read the first part free. Sign in free with Google to read the rest and download the PDF.

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Photoelectric effect

  • Observations10×
  • Einstein's equation23×
  • Threshold13×
  • Two lights on one metal17×
  • Stopping potentials at λ\lambda and kλk\lambda
  • Speeds of photoelectrons6×
  • Photoelectrons in a magnetic field4×

Photoelectric graphs

  • Stopping potential vs frequency10×
  • Photocurrent vs anode potential4×

de Broglie waves

  • de Broglie relation16×
  • Charge accelerated through VV14×
  • Comparing particles28×
  • Thermal particles5×
  • Charge in an electric field7×

Matter waves: links

  • Photon vs particle7×
  • Photoelectron wavelength2×

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