JEE Main syllabus 2027 (Paper 1)

Mathematics

14 units, about 1520 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 24.6 per paper in 2025–26).

• Unit 1 Sets, Relations and Functions

  about 106 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Sets (about 11); Relations & Functions (Basic) (about 64); Functions (Advanced) (about 31)

  • Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relations, type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions.

• Unit 2 Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

  about 113 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.9 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Complex Numbers (about 62); Quadratic Equations & Polynomial Inequalities (about 51)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, Quadratic equations in real and complex number systems and their solutions; Relations between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

• Unit 3 Matrices and Determinants

  about 106 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Matrices (about 36); Determinants (about 70)

  • Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants; Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix; Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices.

• Unit 4 Permutations and Combinations

  about 64 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Permutations & Combinations (about 64)

  • The fundamental principle of counting, permutations and combinations; Meaning of P(n, r) and C(n, r). Simple applications.

• Unit 5 Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

  about 66 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Binomial Theorem (about 66)

  • Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term and simple applications.

• Unit 6 Sequence and Series

  about 100 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.6 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Sequences & Series (about 100)

  • Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M.

• Unit 7 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

  about 137 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Limits (about 45); Continuity & Differentiability (about 33); Differentiation (about 13); Applications of Derivatives (about 46)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Real–valued functions, algebra of functions; polynomial, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions; inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two, Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.

• Unit 8 Integral Calculus

  about 172 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 2.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Indefinite Integration (about 23); Definite Integration (about 89); Area Under Curves (about 60)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫dx/(x² + a²), ∫dx/√(x² ± a²), ∫dx/(a² − x²), ∫dx/√(a² − x²), ∫dx/(ax² + bx + c), ∫dx/√(ax² + bx + c), ∫(px + q)dx/(ax² + bx + c), ∫(px + q)dx/√(ax² + bx + c), ∫√(a² ± x²) dx, ∫√(x² − a²) dx.
  • The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves by simple curves in standard forms.

• Unit 9 Differential Equations

  about 79 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Differential Equations (about 79)

  • Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree, the solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type dy/dx + p(x)y = q(x).

• Unit 10 Co-ordinate Geometry

  about 216 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 3.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Straight Lines (about 60); Circles (about 42); Parabola (about 41); Ellipse (about 42); Hyperbola (about 31)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus and its equation, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.
  • Straight line: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle.
  • Circle, conic sections: A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and sections of conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms.

• Unit 11 Three Dimensional Geometry

  about 106 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Three Dimensional Geometry (about 106)

  • Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines and the angle between two intersecting lines. Equation of a line; Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation.

• Unit 12 Vector Algebra

  about 87 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Vectors (about 87)

  • Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional spaces, scalar and vector products.

• Unit 13 Statistics and Probability

  about 104 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Statistics (about 37); Probability: Basic (about 30); Probability: Advanced (about 37)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Measures of dispersion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data, calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variable.

• Unit 14 Trigonometry

  about 64 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Trigonometric Ratios & Identities (about 31); Inverse Trigonometric Functions (about 33)

  Trigonometric equations are not named in this unit; our questions tagged to them are listed further down.

  • Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions their properties.

Physics

20 units, about 1535 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 24.8 per paper in 2025–26).

• Unit 1 Units and Measurements

  about 78 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Units, Dimensions & Errors (about 78)

  • Units of measurements, System of units, SI Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements. Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

• Unit 2 Kinematics

  about 66 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.0 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Rectilinear Motion (about 36); Projectile Motion & Relative Motion (about 30)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.
  • Motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.

• Unit 3 Laws of Motion

  about 65 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Newton's Laws of Motion (about 27); Friction (about 14); Circular Motion (about 24)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Force and inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, momentum, Newton’s second Law of motion, impulse, Newton’s third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces.
  • Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
  • Dynamics of uniform circular motion, centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

• Unit 4 Work, Energy and Power

  about 45 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Work, Energy & Power (about 39); Collision (about 6)

  • Work done by a constant force and a variable force, kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.
  • The potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non- conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle. Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

• Unit 5 Rotational Motion

  about 93 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.6 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Rotational Motion (about 74); Centre of Mass & Linear Momentum (about 19)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body. Basic concepts of rotational motion, moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications.
  • The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

• Unit 6 Gravitation

  about 45 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.6 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Gravitation (about 45)

  • The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy, gravitational potential. Escape velocity, motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

• Unit 7 Properties of Solids and Liquids

  about 130 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 2.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Elasticity (about 40); Fluid Mechanics (about 40); Surface Tension (about 27); Thermometry & Calorimetry (about 15); Heat Transfer (about 8)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity.
  • Pressure due to a fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications, effect of gravity on fluid pressure, viscosity, Stoke’s law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
  • Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension: drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
  • Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

• Unit 8 Thermodynamics

  about 58 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Thermodynamics (about 58)

  • Thermal equilibrium and the concept of temperature, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, work and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

• Unit 9 Kinetic Theory of Gases

  about 45 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Kinetic Theory of Gases (about 45)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, kinetic theory of gases: assumptions, the concept of pressure, kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases, mean free path, Avogadro's number.

• Unit 10 Oscillations and Waves

  about 69 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Simple Harmonic Motion (about 38); Mechanical Waves (about 21); Sound Waves (about 10)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Oscillations and periodic motion: time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation, phase, oscillations of a spring: restoring force and force constant, energy in S.H.M.: kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum: derivation of expression for its time period.
  • Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of the travelling wave, displacement relation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats.

• Unit 11 Electrostatics

  about 134 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 2.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Electrostatics I: Charges, Field & Gauss's Law (about 64); Electrostatics II: Potential & Capacitance (about 70)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Electric charges: conservation of charge, Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges, superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
  • Electric field: electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
  • Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
  • Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
  • Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel and capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

• Unit 12 Current Electricity

  about 85 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Current Electricity (about 85)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Electric current: drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, I-V characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, series and parallel combinations of resistors, temperature dependence of resistance.
  • Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel.
  • Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications, Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge.

• Unit 13 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

  about 97 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Moving Charges & Magnetism (about 81); Magnetism & Matter (about 16)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop, Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
  • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, the force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
  • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

• Unit 14 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

  about 89 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Electromagnetic Induction (about 44); Alternating Current (about 45)

  • Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, induced emf and current, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance.
  • Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattless current, AC generator and transformer.

• Unit 15 Electromagnetic Waves

  about 52 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Electromagnetic Waves (about 52)

  • Displacement current, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays), applications of electromagnetic waves.

• Unit 16 Optics

  about 160 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 3.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Ray Optics (about 95); Wave Optics (about 65)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula, total internal reflection and its applications, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
  • Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens ‘Principle, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference: Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Polarization: plane-polarized light, Brewster's law, uses of plane- polarized light and Polaroid.

• Unit 17 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

  about 54 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.9 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter (about 54)

  • Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light. Matter waves: wave nature of particle, de- Broglie relation.

• Unit 18 Atoms and Nuclei

  about 85 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Atomic Physics (about 46); Nuclear Physics (about 39)

  • Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford's model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

• Unit 19 Electronic Devices

  about 57 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.0 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Semiconductors & Electronic Devices (about 57)

  • Semiconductors, semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, the photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
  • Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

• Unit 20 Experimental Skills

  about 28 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Experimental Skills (about 28)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
  • 1. Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
  • 2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
  • 3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
  • 4. Metre scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
  • 5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
  • 6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
  • 7. Co-efficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
  • 8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
  • 9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
  • 10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
  • 11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
  • 12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
  • 13. The focal length of (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror and (iii)Convex lens, using the parallax method.
  • 14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
  • 15. The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
  • 16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
  • 17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
  • 18. Identification of diode, LED, resistor, a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

Chemistry

20 units, about 1534 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 24.8 per paper in 2025–26).

Physical chemistry

• Unit 1 Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

  about 89 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Mole Concept & Stoichiometry (about 89)

  • Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory, Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound, Laws of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

• Unit 2 Atomic Structure

  about 73 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Atomic Structure (about 73)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model, dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions, variation of ψ and ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements and extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

• Unit 3 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

  about 93 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure (about 93)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
  • Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
  • Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
  • Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, resonance.
  • Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.
  • Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications.

• Unit 4 Chemical Thermodynamics

  about 73 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Chemical Thermodynamics (about 73)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, entropy, types of processes.
  • The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
  • The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes, Δ S of the universe and Δ G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. ΔG°(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

• Unit 5 Solutions

  about 65 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Solutions & Colligative Properties (about 65)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non- ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non- ideal solutions, Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

• Unit 6 Equilibrium

  about 72 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Chemical Equilibrium (about 37); Ionic Equilibrium (about 35)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
  • Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
  • Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of Δ G and Δ G ° in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle.
  • Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, solubility products and buffer solutions.

• Unit 7 Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

  about 103 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Redox Reactions (about 26); Electrochemistry (about 77)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number and balancing of redox reactions.
  • Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
  • Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst equation and its applications, relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change, dry cell and lead accumulator, fuel cells.

• Unit 8 Chemical Kinetics

  about 69 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Chemical Kinetics (about 69)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bi-molecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Inorganic chemistry

• Unit 9 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

  about 61 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.0 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Periodic Table & Periodicity (about 61)

  • Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

• Unit 10 p-Block Elements

  about 57 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.9 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: p-Block Elements: Part I (Group 13 & 14) (about 27); p-Block Elements: Part II (Group 15-18) (about 30)

  Since 2024, NTA lists only the general introduction and trends for this unit. Some questions since then have still involved p-Block compounds, often through salt analysis.

  • Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
  • General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

• Unit 11 d- and f-Block Elements

  about 80 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: d & f Block Elements (about 80)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Transition Elements - General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation, properties and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.
  • Inner Transition Elements
  • Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and Lanthanoid contraction.
  • Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

• Unit 12 Coordination Compounds

  about 110 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 2.0 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Coordination Compounds (about 110)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism, Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

Organic chemistry

• Unit 13 Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

  about 61 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Purification & Characterisation of Organic Compounds (about 61)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.
  • Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
  • Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus.
  • Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis,

• Unit 14 Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

  about 103 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.4 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: General Organic Chemistry (GOC) (about 103)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
  • Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
  • Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
  • Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
  • Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

• Unit 15 Hydrocarbons

  about 88 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.3 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Hydrocarbons: Alkanes (about 17); Hydrocarbons: Alkenes & Alkynes (about 36); Hydrocarbons: Aromatic (Arenes) (about 35)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
  • Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
  • Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.
  • Alkynes - Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration.
  • Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene.

• Unit 16 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

  about 53 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.7 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Halogen Derivatives: Haloalkanes & Haloarenes (about 53)

  • General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions.
  • Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

• Unit 17 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

  about 103 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.6 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers (about 40); Aldehydes & Ketones (about 53); Carboxylic Acids & Their Derivatives (about 10)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
  • ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
  • Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration.
  • Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
  • Ethers: Structure.
  • Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH₃ and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), the acidity of α-hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
  • Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

• Unit 18 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

  about 61 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.2 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Amines & Diazonium Salts (about 61)

  • General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
  • Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
  • Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

• Unit 19 Biomolecules

  about 63 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 1.1 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Carbohydrates & Biomolecules (about 63)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
  • CARBOHYDRATES – Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
  • PROTEINS - Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
  • VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
  • NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.
  • Hormones (General introduction)

• Unit 20 Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

  about 57 questions in 2024 to 2026 (about 0.8 per paper in 2025–26)

  Chapter PYQ PDFs: Qualitative Analysis: Salt Analysis (about 39); Practical Organic Chemistry (about 18)

  NTA's topics for this unit

  • Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the following functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
  • The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
  • Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
  • Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
  • The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO₄
  • Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
  • Cations – Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺
  • Anions- CO₃²⁻, S²⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻ ( Insoluble salts excluded).
  • Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
  • 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄
  • 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
  • 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
  • 4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.